Tehsildar Morning 8J2023 15-12-2024

✅ Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal emperor of India, died in exile in Rangoon, Burma (now Yangon, Myanmar) on 7 November 1862.

 ✅ Key Facts for Exams:

•  ➡️ Name: Bahadur Shah II (Bahadur Shah Zafar)
•  ➡️ Died:  7 November 1862
•  ➡️ Place of Death: Rangoon (Yangon), Burma (Myanmar)
•  ➡️ Cause: Died in exile after the failure of the 1857 War of Independence
•  ➡️ Burial: Near Shwedagon Pagoda, Yangon

 🔄 Note: 

✅ Bahadur Shah Zafar was born in: Delhi, India

 Key Details for Exams:

•  ➡️ Full Name: Abu Zafar Siraj-ud-din Muhammad
•  ➡️ Popular Name: Bahadur Shah II or Bahadur Shah Zafar
•  ➡️ Born On: 24 October 1775
•  ➡️ Place of Birth: Delhi, Mughal Empire (now in India)
•  ➡️ Father: Mughal Emperor Akbar Shah II.

✅ India occupied Kashmir in: October 1947

 Key Historical Context:

• ✅Date of Accession:  October 1947
• ✅Instrument of Accession Signed By: Maharaja Hari Singh, the ruler of the princely state of Jammu & Kashmir
• ✅India sent troops on: October 1947.

✅ The first Federal Foreign Minister of Pakistan was: Sir Zafarullah Khan

 Key Details for Exams:

• ✅Full Name: Chaudhry Sir Muhammad Zafarullah Khan
• ✅ Position Held: First Foreign Minister of Pakistan
• ✅ Tenure: 1947 – 1954
• Also Served As:
  • ✅ Pakistan’s representative at the United Nations
  • ✅ President of the UN General Assembly (1962)
  • ✅ Judge and later President of the International Court of Justice (ICJ)

 First President of Pakistan:

✅ Major General (Retd.) Iskander Mirza

Born: 13 November 1899, Murshidabad, Bengal Presidency, British India

Death: 13 November 1969 (aged 70), London, United Kingdom
➡️ Buried in Tehran Capital of  Iran, at Shah Mosque cemetery

 ✅Details
  ➡️ Attended Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst (UK)
  ➡️ Commissioned in the British Indian Army in 1920
  ➡️ Later joined the Indian Political Service

✅ Political Career:

  ➡️ Defence Secretary of Pakistan  (1947–1954)   
  ➡️ Governor of East Bengal  (1954)
  ➡️ Governor-General of Pakistan (1955–1956 ) 4th & Last Governor-General of Pakistan( 7 Aug 1955 – 23 Mar 1956 )  

  ➡️ 23 March 1956: Pakistan became Islamic Republic of Pakistan.Governor-General post abolished.

  ➡️Iskander Mirza became the 1st President (23 March 1956–7 October 1958 )  

  ➡️ Imposed first Martial Law on 7 October 1958, abrogated the constitution 1956 .

✅ Dismissed by General Ayub Khan on 27 October 1958, forced into exile.(After 20 Days).

The position of Vice President of Pakistan was established in December 1971 and abolished with the 1973  Constitution ✅ ). 

Nurul Amin (AppointedDecember 1971 by General Yahya Khan)  was the first and only individual to hold this position.

Nurul Amin as:

• ✅ Vice President (1971-1973)
• ✅ Also Prime Minister for a short time

 Tenure: December 1971 – January 1972

East Pakistan was separated from West Pakistan on 16 December 1971, when it became the independent country of Bangladesh.

 Key Events:

•  ✅ Date of Separation: 16 December 1971
•  ✅ New Country Formed: Bangladesh
•  ✅ Event Name: End of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and Bangladesh Liberation War
•  ✅ Cause: Political, economic, linguistic, and military tensions between East and West Pakistan.

✅ Book Title: In the Line of Fire
✍️ Author: Pervez Musharraf
📘 Type: Autobiography / Memoir
📅 Published: 2006
This is a frequently asked MCQ in Pakistan's competitive exams. Always choose Pervez Musharraf as the correct answer.

1. ✅ The book On the Origin of Species was written by Darwin (1859) .
2. ✅ A new deal for Asia book written by Mahathir Muhammad (1999). 
3.  ✅ Author of the book The Clash of Civilizations is Samuel P. Huntington(1996) .
4. ✅ Importance of Division of Work was the first time highlighted in Das Capital .This book was written by Karl Marx (1867) .  
5. ✅ Author of the book Gulliver's Travels is Jonathan Swift (28 October 1726).
6.  ✅Living history is a book by Hillary Clinton (2003).
7. ✅ The Famous book The Republic was Written by Plato(375BC) . 
8. ✅ The Lessons of History is a Famous book by Will Durant (1968).

Explanation:

• Musharraf took power in a military coup on 12 October 1999, removing Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.
• He became President of Pakistan on 20 June 2001, replacing Rafiq Tarar.

🔹 1. Agra Summit (14–16 July 2001)

• Held in: Agra, India
• Participants: Indian PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee & Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf
• Purpose: To resolve long-standing disputes, especially Kashmir
• ❗ Musharraf was already President during the summit, having taken office about a month earlier.

Event Date After Musharraf's Presidency
  Became President   (20 June 2001)   
   Agra Summit  (14–16 July 2001)  ✅ After
  9/11 Attacks  (11 September 2001)  ✅ After
  2002 General Elections ( October 2002)   ✅ After
 Lal Masjid Operation ( July 2007)   ✅ After
 Emergency Rule   (November 2007)  ✅ After
 Benazir Bhutto Assassination (27 December 2007 ) ✅ After.

✅ Assassination Year 27 December 2007:

Benazir Bhutto was assassinated on 27th December 2007
📍 Place: Liaquat Bagh, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
🧨 Cause: Suicide bombing and gunfire attack after a political rally
👤 Context: She was campaigning for the 2008 general elections as the leader of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP)

Biography of Benazir Bhutto (1953–2007)

  ✅ Full Name   Benazir Bhutto
  ✅ Born   21 June 1953, Karachi, Pakistan.
  ✅ Father  Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Former Prime Minister & Founder of PPP).
  ✅ Education   Harvard University (Radcliffe College), University of Oxford.
  ✅ Political Party  Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP).
  ✅ First Term as PM  1988–1990  (1st female Prime Minister of a Muslim country).
  ✅  Second Term as PM   1993–1996
  ✅  First Muslim Woman   To lead a democratic government in a Muslim-majority country.
  ✅ Husband   Asif Ali Zardari (Later became President of Pakistan).
  ✅ Children  Three, including Bilawal Bhutto Zardari.
  ✅ Returned to Pakistan  18 October 2007 (from exile), amid threats from extremists.
  ✅ Assassination  27 December 2007, during election campaign.
  ✅ Legacy  Symbol of democracy, women’s empowerment, and political struggle.

 ✅ Book:Benazir Bhutto was not only a political leader but also a writer. Her most well-known book is:  Daughter of the East (1988 in English Language) Daughter of the East tells the story of Benazir Bhutto's life—her upbringing, education at Harvard and Oxford, imprisonment, political struggles, and her historic rise as the first female Prime Minister of a Muslim country.It also reflects her views on democracy, Islam, women's rights, and her personal sacrifices.

 Malik Ishaq belonged to which organization?

✅ Answer: Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ)

📘 Detailed Explanation 

Name Malik Ishaq
✅ Organization   Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ)
✅ Founded   1996 Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ)
✅ Ideology  Extremist Sunni Deobandi
✅ Focus   Anti-Shia sectarian terrorism
✅Origin  Breakaway faction of Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP)
✅ Country   Pakistan

 Malik Ishaq’s Role:

• ✅ Co-founder and top leader of Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ)
• ✅ Arrested multiple times but was controversially released in 2011 due to lack of evidence.
• ✅ Killed in a police encounter in July 2015 in Punjab, Pakistan.

✅ Answer: Piedmont is NOT caused by wind erosion.

Because:

• Sand dunes → wind erosion ✅
• Deflation hollows → wind erosion ✅
• Yardangs → wind erosion ✅
• Piedmont → ❌ Not wind (formed by water or glacier deposition)

 Explanation:

Piedmont refers to:

A gentle sloping area formed at the base of mountains, usually created by deposition from rivers or glaciers, not by wind.

• It's typically formed due to alluvial deposits brought by water (streams and rivers) coming down from mountains.
• Sometimes, glacial or tectonic activity also contributes.

The river famously known as the "Mother of Rivers" or "Mother of Waters" is:

✅ The Mekong River

 Explanation:

• The Mekong River flows through Southeast Asia, covering countries like China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam.
• It is often referred to as:
  • "Mae Nam Khong" in Thai and Lao, which literally means "Mother of Water" ("Mae" = Mother, "Nam" = Water).
• It supports millions of people with water, fish, transportation, and agriculture.

🌍 Other rivers with similar titles:

• The Ganges – Revered in India as "Mother Ganga", but not globally called "Mother of Rivers".
• The Nile – Sometimes referred to as "Father of African Rivers"

✅ Princeton University is located in the state of New Jersey, USA.

📍 Details:

• City: Princeton
• State: New Jersey
• Founded: 1746 (originally in Elizabeth, NJ; moved to Princeton in 1756)
• Ivy League: Yes

✅ Pakistan is ranked 5th in the world by population.

• It is estimated to have a population of around 251 million in 2024, rising to approximately 255 million in 2025 (wo
• India became the most populous country by early 2025, overtaking China.

Here's the latest global standings by population in 2025, based on United Nations estimates and international demographic sources:

🌍 Top 10 Most Populous Countries (2025)

📊 Summary 

Rank Country Population (2025 est.)
1 ✅ India  ~1.464 billion
 2 ✅ China   ~1.416 billion
3  ✅ United States   ~347 million
4  ✅ Indonesia   ~286 million
5  ✅ Pakistan   ~255 million
6  ✅ Nigeria  ~238 million
 7  ✅ Brazil  ~213 million
 8  ✅Bangladesh   ~176 million
9  ✅ Russia   ~144 million
 10  ✅ Ethiopia   ~135 million

✅ Pakistan is divided into 4 major climatic regions

 The 4 Climatic Regions of Pakistan (as per competitive exams):

1. ✅ Arid Climate
   • Areas: Balochistan, Sindh, parts of South Punjab
   • Features: Very low rainfall, high temperature, deserts (Thar, Cholistan)
2. ✅ Semi-Arid Climate
   • Areas: Central Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa plains
   • Features: Moderate rainfall, hot summers, cool winters
3. ✅ Humid Climate
   • Areas: Northern Punjab, Azad Kashmir
   • Features: High rainfall, fertile plains, suitable for agriculture
4. ✅ Highland (Mountainous) Climate
   • Areas: Gilgit-Baltistan, Northern KPK (e.g., Swat, Chitral, Hunza)
   • Features: Snowfall in winter, mild summers, cold temperatures

Note:- If any exam mentions 5 or 6 regions, they may be using a more detailed classification, but “4 climatic regions” is the officially accepted answer in most Pakistani exams.

✅ Nanga Parbat is ranked as the 9th highest mountain peak in the world.

📍 Details:

• Height: 8,126 meters (26,660 feet)
• Location: Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
• Mountain Range: Himalayas
• Meaning: "Naked Mountain" (from Sanskrit)
• Nickname: "Killer Mountain" due to its deadly climbing history

✅ Lloyd Barrage is the old name of the Sukkur Barrage in Pakistan.

 Key Facts:

• ✅ Old Name: Lloyd Barrage
• ✅Current Name: Sukkur Barrage
• ✅ Location: Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan
• ✅ Built: Between 1923–1932
• ✅ Named after: Sir George Lloyd, then Governor of Bombay (British India).

✅ Answer: Kyrgyzstan

 Explanation:

Two major revolutions/uprisings occurred in Kyrgyzstan, making it unique among Central Asian states in terms of political upheaval.

The Two Revolutions:

1. Tulip Revolution (2005)
   • Overthrew President Askar Akayev
   • Sparked by corruption, election fraud, and poor governance
2. Second Revolution (2010)
   • Overthrew President Kurmanbek Bakiyev
   • Triggered by rising authoritarianism, economic crisis, and state violence.

✅ Bosnia & Herzegovina's referendum for independence occurred in: 1992

 Key Facts:

•  ✅ Referendum Date: 29 February – 1 March 1992
• ✅Purpose: To seek independence from the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
• ✅ Result:
  • Yes (for independence): ~99.7%
  • Turnout: ~63.4% (mostly Bosniaks and Croats participated; most Serbs boycotted)
• ✅ Independence declared: 3 March 1992
• ✅ Bosnian War began: April 1992, shortly after the referendum
• ✅ Recognized by EU & UN: April–May 1992

✅ Hosni Mubarak served as President of Egypt for nearly 30 years.

 Tenure Details:

• ✅ Start Date: 14 October 1981
• ✅ End Date: 11 February 2011
• ✅ Total Duration: 29 years and 4 months

✅ The writer of the Turkish drama Diriliş: Ertuğrul is:

Mehmet Bozdağ

 About Mehmet Bozdağ:

• ✅ Role: Creator, Writer, and Producer of Diriliş: Ertuğrul
• ✅ Nationality: Turkish
• Also produced other historical dramas like:
  • ✅ Kuruluş: Osman (sequel to Diriliş: Ertuğrul)
  • ✅ Destan
  • ✅ Yunus Emre: Aşkın Yolculuğu

✅ The headquarters of the Arab League is located in: Cairo, Egypt

➡️ In 1979 Arab League shifted its Headquarters from Cairo to Tunis (Return to Cairo:

• In 1989, Egypt was reinstated as a member.
• In 1990, the headquarters was moved back to Cairo. 

 Key Facts:

•  ➡️  Organization: Arab League (League of Arab States)
•  ➡️  Headquarters: Cairo, the capital of Egypt
•  ➡️  Established: 22 March 1945
•  ➡️ Number of Founding Members: 6 (initial signers) — later counted as 7, including Yemen (Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Jordan (then Transjordan), and Yemen.)
• ✅ Although the Arab League was founded on 22 March 1945 with 6 signatory countries, Yemen joined just a few weeks later on 5 May 1945.
•  ➡️ Total Member :22. 

Q: Ozone layer protects the Earth from ____?
➡️ Ultraviolet (UV) rays

✅ Ozone layer protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.

📘 Explanation for Exams:

• ✅ The ozone layer is a layer in the stratosphere.
• ✅ It absorbs and blocks most of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. 

Protects living organisms from:✅ Skin cancer,✅ Eye damage,✅ Crop damage,✅ Marine life harm.

Q: What is the unit of Heat?
✅ Correct Answer:
➡️ Joule (J)

One joule is the amount of energy used when a force of one newton moves an object one meter in the direction of the force. 

📘 Explanation for Exams:

•  ✅ Joule is the SI unit of heat, energy, and work. 
• ✅ Heat is a form of energy, so its SI unit is the Joule (J).
• ✅  In some contexts, especially older ones or in food energy:
  • Calorie (cal) is also used.
  • 1 calorie = 4.184 joules

✅   Watt (Unit of Power), ✅ Celsius (Unit of Temperature),✅ Newton (Unit of Force)

✅ Q: Solutions can be used as electrolytes — Which ones?

✅ NaCl
➡️ Solutions that conduct electricity due to the presence of ions

📘 Explanation for Exams:

Electrolytes are solutions that conduct electricity due to the presence of free ions.

Electrolytes are substances that, when dissolved in water, produce ions and allow the solution to conduct electricity.

🔋 Examples of Solutions That Can Be Used as Electrolytes:

Type Examples
  Acids  ( HCl, H₂SO₄ )
  Bases  (NaOH, KOH)
  Salts  ( NaCl, KNO₃, CaCl₂)
  Ionic compounds (Any soluble salt that dissociates)

❌ Non-Electrolyte Solutions:

• 🔋 Do not conduct electricity
• ✅ Examples: Sugar, Alcohol, Distilled water.

Q: Sulphur Dioxide (SO₂) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOₓ) cause what?

✅ Correct Answer:

➡️ Acid Rain

Sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen cause acid rain.

📘 Explanation for Exams:

• Sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and oxides of nitrogen (NO and NO₂) are released by:
  • ✅ Burning of fossil fuels
  • ✅ Industrial emissions and vehicle exhausts
• These gases react with water vapor in the atmosphere to form:
  • ✅ Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)
  • ✅ Nitric acid (HNO₃)
• ✅ These acids fall to the ground as acid rain.

🌧️ Acid Rain Effects:

• ✅ Damages plants, soil, and aquatic life
• ✅ Corrodes buildings, especially marble (e.g., Taj Mahal)
• ✅ Affects human health (respiratory problems).

1.       Author of Kitab ul Hind is Al Biruni.   

2.      Kitab al Qanun fit-Tibb was written by  Ibn Sina.    

3.      Kitabul khiraj " was written by  Imam Yousaf.    

4.     Kitab Ul Asar is written by whom Imam Abu Hanifa.    

5     Kitab al- ibar, was diwan al-mobtadae wa al-Khabar book wrote by Ibn-e-Khuldun.  

6.     Kitabul Manazar wrote by Ibn al-Haytham. 

7.     Kitabul Halwan is authored by Abu Usman Omro.

8.Kitabul shiffa was written by Bu Ali Sina 

1.   Author of Kitab ul Hind is Al Biruni.   
2.  Kitab al Qanun fit-Tibb was written by  Ibn Sina.    
3.  Kitabul khiraj " was written by  Imam Yousaf.    
4. Kitab Ul Asar is written by whom Imam Abu Hanifa.     
5. Kitab al- ibar, was diwan al-mobtadae wa al-Khabar book wrote by Ibn-e-Khuldun.  
6. Kitabul Manazar wrote by Ibn al-Haytham. 
7. Kitabul Halwan is authored by Abu Usman Omro.
8. Kitabul shiffa was written by Bu Ali Sina.