PMS Evening 2024

1.Famous character Sherlock Holmes was  written by Sir Arthur Canon Doyle(1887)

"The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes," was published in 1892.

2.The character of James bond was created by which famous novelist Ian Fleming(1953)

3.Harry potter is the famous character of: J.K Rowlling, The first Harry Potter novel, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was published on June 26, 1997.

4.Famous character of Dracula is Bram stoker(May 26, 1897)

5.Ahmed Khan Kharal the famous character of war of independence belong to Jhamra, Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal ( c1776 – 21 September 1857), known as the Nawab of Jhamra, was a Punjabi Muslim chieftain of the Kharal tribe who led a rebellion in the Bar region of Punjab against the British East India Company during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

1.   Author of Kitab ul Hind is Al Biruni.   
2.  Kitab al Qanun fit-Tibb was written by  Ibn Sina.    
3.  Kitabul khiraj " was written by  Imam Yousaf.    
4. Kitab Ul Asar is written by whom Imam Abu Hanifa.    
5. Kitab al- ibar, was diwan al-mobtadae wa al-Khabar book wrote by Ibn-e-Khuldun.  
6. Kitabul Manazar wrote by Ibn al-Haytham. 
7. Kitabul Halwan is authored by Abu Usman Omro.
8. Kitabul shiffa was written by Bu Ali Sina.

1.  The book On the Origin of Species was written by Darwin (1859)

2.  A new deal for Asia book written by Mahathir Muhammad (1999)

3.   Author of the book The Clash of Civilizations is Samuel P. Huntington(1996)  

4.  Importance of Division of Work was the first time highlighted in Das Capital . This book was written by Karl Marx (1867)

5.   Author of the book Gulliver's Travels is Jonathan Swift (28 October 1726)

6.  Living history is a book by Hillary Clinton (2003)

7.  The Famous book The Republic was Written by Plato(375BC)

8.  The Lessons of History is a Famous book by Will Durant (1968)

9.  Extraordinary, Ordinary People : A Memoir of Family is a book Written by Condoleezza Rice (October 12, 2010) 

10.  Book Being and Nothingness is written by Jean Paul Sartre (1943)

1.     A self help book The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People Written by Whom Stephen R. Covey(August 15, 1989).

2.     A self help book Think and Grow rich written by whom Napoleon Hill (1937).

3.     The author of the book Time Machine is :H.G . Wells(1895)

4.     The book On the Origin of Species was written by Darwin (1859)

5.     Author of the book The Clash of Civilizations is Samuel P. Huntington(1996)

6.       Author of the book Gulliver's Travels is Jonathan Swift (28 October 1726)

7.       Extraordinary, Ordinary People : A Memoir of Family is a book Written by Condoleezza Rice (October 12, 2010)  

8.      Rise and fall of the Roman Empire is the name of a book Written by Edward Gibbon(1776) 

1.     Author of book Train to Pakistan Khushwant Singh(1956)

2.     The author of the book Time Machine is :H.G . Wells(1895)

3.     The book On the Origin of Species was written by Darwin (1859) 

4.      A new deal for Asia book written by Mahathir Muhammad (1999)     

5.     Author of the book The Clash of Civilizations is Samuel P. Huntington(1996)     

6.     Importance of Division of Work was the first time highlighted in Das Capital . This book was written by Karl Marx (1867)      

7.     Author of the book Gulliver's Travels is Jonathan Swift (28 October 1726)   

8.     Living history is a book by Hillary Clinton (2003)

9.     The Famous book The Republic was Written by Plato(375BC)

1. Author of book Train to Pakistan Khushwant Singh(1956)
2. The author of the book Time Machine is :H.G . Wells(1895)
3. The book On the Origin of Species was written by Darwin (1859) 
4.  A new deal for Asia book written by Mahathir Muhammad (1999)     
5. Author of the book The Clash of Civilizations is Samuel P. Huntington(1996)     
6. Importance of Division of Work was the first time highlighted in Das Capital . This book was written by Karl Marx (1867)      
7. Author of the book Gulliver's Travels is Jonathan Swift (28 October 1726)   
8. Living history is a book by Hillary Clinton (2003)
9. The Famous book The Republic was Written by Plato(375BC)

1.  Book in the Line Of Fire is written by Pervaiz Musharraf(September 25, 2006).
2. Come Be My Light  written by Mother Terasa (November 2003)    
3. Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy written by Henry Kissinger (1957)    
4. My Life Book by Bill Clinton(June 22,2024)    
5. A Brief History of Time is written by Stephen Hawking(1988)    
6. Book Daughter of East written by Benazair Bhutto .(1988)  
7. Book : Pakistan : Heart of Asia was written by : Liaquat Ali khan(1950) .    
8. The Book Long Walk to freedom is written by Nelson Mandela(30 November 1994) .

1. Book in the Line Of Fire is written by Pervaiz Musharraf.
2. Book Daughter of East written by Benazair Bhutto .
3. Book A brief history of time by Stephen Hawking .
4. Book : Pakistan : Heart of Asia was written by : Liaquat Ali khan .
5. The Book Long Walk to freedom is written by Nelson Mandela .
6. A self help book The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People Written by Whom Stephen R. Covey.
7. A self help book Think and Grow rich written by whom Napoleon Hill.
8.  Book Making of Pakistan K.K Aziz .
9. Book Emergence of Pakistan wrote by  Ch Muhammad Ali 
10.  Author of book Train to Pakistan Khushwant Singh

✅ Refractometer is used for 👉 measuring the refractive index of a substance.

✅ Refractometer is used for measuring 👉 sugar content in a solution, especially in liquids like fruit juice, honey, or soft drinks.

This is done by measuring the refractive index, which changes based on how much sugar is dissolved.

✅ A refractometer is an optical instrument used to measure the refractive index of liquids or solids, which helps determine concentration, purity, or composition.

📌 Key Uses:

• ✅ Determine sugar content (e.g., in fruit juice, honey)
• ✅ Check salinity (e.g., in aquariums or seawater)
• ✅ Measure concentration of solutions (e.g., in chemical labs)
• ✅ Test urine specific gravity (in medical diagnostics
• ✅ The sugar content is often expressed in °Brix (degrees Brix), which indicates grams of sugar per 100 grams of solution.

Formation of RNA from DNA is called 👉 Transcription.

✅ Transcription is the biological process in which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template using the enzyme RNA polymerase.

📌 Key Points:

• ✅ Occurs in the nucleus (in eukaryotes)
• ✅ Involves mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA
• ✅ Enzyme involved: RNA polymerase
• ✅ First step in gene expression.

Autophobia is a psychological condition also known as monophobia or isolophobia, where a person has an intense fear of being alone, even in a safe environment.

✅ Autophobia is the irrational fear of being alone or isolated.
It can cause severe anxiety even when there is no real danger or reason to feel threatened.

📌 Key Points for Exams:

• ✅ Type: Anxiety disorder / phobia
• ✅ Symptoms: Panic, sweating, nausea, fast heartbeat, fear of death when alone
• ✅ Not related to: Autism (different condition)
• ✅ Causes: Past trauma, abandonment, anxiety disorders
• ✅ Treatment: Therapy (CBT), medications (if severe), counseling.

✅ Detritivores – Definition:

Detritivores are organisms that feed on dead and decaying organic matter, especially plant and animal remains. They help in breaking down waste and recycling nutrients in the ecosystem.

📘 Key Points:

• Detritivores do not digest inside cells like decomposers (e.g., fungi or bacteria); they ingest the matter.
• They are essential for soil health and nutrient cycles.

🔹 Examples of Detritivores:

• Earthworms 
• Millipedes
• Woodlice
• Dung beetles
• Certain fungi-eating snails.

📘 Definition:

Animals that eat both plants and animals as part of their diet are called omnivores.

🔹 Examples of Omnivores:

• Humans
• Bears
• Pigs
• Crows
• Dogs (partially omnivorous)

Carbonated drinks contain approximately 90% or more water — typically between 90% to 99%.

 📘 Explanation:

Carbonated drinks are mostly made of water, with the rest being:

• ✅Carbon dioxide (gas)
• ✅ Flavors
• ✅ Sweeteners
• ✅ Additives

✅ James Chadwick received the Nobel Prize for: Discovery of the Neutron

📘 Explanation:-

• ✅James Chadwick, a British physicist, discovered the neutron in 1932.
• ✅ He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1935 for this discovery.

Why it was important:

• ✅ The discovery of the neutron helped in understanding the structure of the atomic nucleus.
• ✅ It also played a key role in the development of nuclear energy and the atomic bomb.

✅ Solar cells convert: Solar energy into electrical energy

📘 Explanation:

• ✅Solar cells (also called photovoltaic cells) convert sunlight (solar energy) directly into electricity.
• ✅This process is called the Photovoltaic Effect.

✅ The nonrenewable source of energy is: Nuclear Energy .

Nonrenewable source of energy refers to energy sources that cannot be replaced easily once used.

🛢 Examples of Nonrenewable Sources:

• ✅ Coal
• ✅ Oil (Petroleum)
• ✅ Natural Gas
• ✅ Nuclear Energy (Uranium)

🔁 Difference:

✅ Renewable Energy   Solar, Wind, Hydro  (Replenishes naturally) 

✅ Nonrenewable Energy Coal, Oil, Natural Gas, Nuclear Energy  (Finite and depletes).

Light year is a unit of distance, not time. 

Explanation:

• ✅ A light year is the distance that light travels in one year in a vacuum.
• ✅ Light travels at about 300,000 kilometers per second, so:
• ✅ 1 light year ≈ 9.46 trillion kilometers (9.46 × 10¹² km)
• ✅ Or ≈ 5.88 trillion miles
• ✅ Light year = unit of distance
• ✅ Julian year = unit of time

A light-year is a unit of distance, specifically used in astronomy to measure vast distances between celestial objects. It represents the distance that light travels in one Julian year (365.25 days) in a vacuum. 

Stone is a unit of: Mass (or Weight)

Additional Info :

• ✅1 Stone = 14 Pounds (lbs)
• ✅1 Stone ≈ 6.35 Kilograms (kg)
• ✅Commonly used in UK and Ireland for measuring body weight.

Earth's atmosphere has five primary layers, listed from the surface upward:
1.  ✅ Troposphere: 0–12 km (0–7 miles), where weather occurs.
2. ✅  Stratosphere: 12–50 km (7–31 miles), contains the ozone layer.
3.  ✅ Mesosphere: 50–80 km (31–50 miles), where meteors burn up.
4.  ✅ Thermosphere: 80–700 km (50–440 miles), includes the ionosphere.
5. ✅  Exosphere: 700–10,000 km (440–6,200 miles), merges with space.
Sometimes, the ionosphere (overlapping thermosphere and exosphere) and magnetosphere (beyond exosphere) are considered additional regions due to their unique properties, but the five layers above are the standard classification.

✅ Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal emperor of India, died in exile in Rangoon, Burma (now Yangon, Myanmar) on 7 November 1862.

 ✅ Key Facts for Exams:

•  ➡️ Name: Bahadur Shah II (Bahadur Shah Zafar)
•  ➡️ Died:  7 November 1862
•  ➡️ Place of Death: Rangoon (Yangon), Burma (Myanmar)
•  ➡️ Cause: Died in exile after the failure of the 1857 War of Independence
•  ➡️ Burial: Near Shwedagon Pagoda, Yangon

 🔄 Note: 

✅ Bahadur Shah Zafar was born in: Delhi, India

 Key Details for Exams:

•  ➡️ Full Name: Abu Zafar Siraj-ud-din Muhammad
•  ➡️ Popular Name: Bahadur Shah II or Bahadur Shah Zafar
•  ➡️ Born On: 24 October 1775
•  ➡️ Place of Birth: Delhi, Mughal Empire (now in India)
•  ➡️ Father: Mughal Emperor Akbar Shah II.

1.  Battle of Plassey fought in 1757.
2. Battle of Plassey was fought between Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula and Lord Clive .
3. After the battle of Plassey, the throne of Bengal was handed over to Mir Jaffar.
4. First Battle of Tarain (1191),Second Battle of Tarain (1192)
5. The battle of Tarain was fought between Muhammad of Ghori and Prithviraj Chauhan .
6. Battle of Ghaghra battles took place in 1529.
7.  Battle of Waterloo  (1815) fought in Belgium .

1.  Khilji Dynasty ruled after the Slave Dynasty (1206 AD to 1290 AD).
2. Jalaluddin Khilji  was the founder of Khilji Dynasty(1290 AD to 1320 AD).
3. Alauddin Khilji   killed his uncle and father-in-law Jalaluddin Khilji   in 1296.
4.  Sultan Qutb-ud-din Mubarak Shah (Son)  (reigned 1316-1320)  succeeded Alauddin Khilji (Father ) in 1316.
5.  Alai Darwaza movement Alauddin Khilji build during his region.
6.  Alauddin Khilji impose tax Jizya on Hindus during his rule.
7. Horse branding and soldiers' detailed records was Alauddin Khilji's main strategy to control corruption in his army.
8.   Fixed prices of essential goods  policies  Alauddin Khilji implement to control prices. 
9.  Malik Kafur is Alauddin Khilji's generals who  conquest Gujarat.
10. Ghazi Malik  led a revolt and took control of Delhi in 1320.

1. Daya Ram Shani discovered the Indus valley civilization.
2. The Indus valley civilization belongs to Chalcolithic age .
3. Taxila,historically known as Takshashila.
4. A ruined city Taxila is located in Punjab.
5. Dharmajika Stupa in Taxila was built in the era of  Kushans.
6. Heavy Mechanical Complex, Taxila was set up with the aid of China .
7.  Tanks and Missiles  instruments are made in Taxila Engineering Works.

The most recent is Moosa Harraj, who was elected President for the Michaelmas Term (Autumn) of 2025. 

➡️ Primary data: Questionnaire survey is a type of survey used to collect primary data.

📘 Explanation for Exams:

• A questionnaire survey involves asking people pre-designed questions to gather information.
• It is a direct method of data collection.
• The data collected is first-hand, so it's called primary data.

📊 Types of Primary Data Collection Methods:

•  ✅  Questionnaires
•  ✅  Interviews
•  ✅  Surveys
•  ✅ Observations

📘 Explanation for Exams:

A set of procedures in data communication is called a protocol.

• In data communication, a protocol is:
  • ✅ A set of rules and procedures
  • ✅ Used for transmitting data between devices
  • ✅ Ensures reliable and secure communication

       🔄 Common Examples of Protocols:

• ✅ HTTP – for web communication
• ✅ TCP/IP – for internet communication
• ✅FTP – for file transfers
• ✅ SMTP – for emails

➡️ A security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic.

✅ Firewall refers to a system that protects a computer or network from unauthorized access.

🔒 Explanation for Exams:

A firewall is:

• ✅ A network security system (hardware or software).
• ✅ It blocks unauthorized access to or from a private network.
• ✅ Works by filtering data packets based on security rules.

To find the average marks of all the students, use the weighted average formula:

🎯 Given:

• Batch 1: 30 students, average = 70
• Batch 2: 50 students, average = 40
• Batch 3: 70 students, average = 60

✅ Step 1: Find total marks of each batch

• Batch 1: 30×70=2100
• Batch 2: 50×40=2000
• Batch 3: 70×60=4200

✅ Step 2: Total students and total marks

• Total students = 30+50+70=150 
• Total marks = 2100+2000+4200=8300

✅ Step 3: Average marks of all students

Average=8300/150=55.33

✅ Final Answer: 55.33 Marks.

✅ Formula:

Mean=Sum of numbers/Total numbers

40=Sum/7

Sum=7 ×  40

Sum=280

✅ Final Answer: 280.